Quiz 3

1.  In the Gibsons’ ecological view on perceptual development in infancy, objects have _____, which are opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities.            

1. abilities
2. affordances
3. allowances 
4. aptitudes

2.  Which of the following is generally accepted to be the most critical factor in predicting whether an infant will develop sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?  

1. perceptual-motor coupling
2. prone sleeping
3. supine sleeping
4. swaddling

3.  In the context of the fibers that extend from a neuron’s cell body, the fiber that carries signals toward the neuron’s cell body is called a(n)            

1. neurotransmitter.
2. dendrite.
3. synapse.
4. axon.

4.  According to the Strange Situation created by Mary Ainsworth, which of the following babies would appear disoriented?            

1. Tobias, a baby who is insecure and avoidant toward his caregiver
2. Henry, who is an insecure resistant baby
3. Tina, a baby who is is securely attached to her caregiver
4. Clara, who is an insecure disorganized baby

5.  Which of the following statements is true regarding separation protest?  

1. The percentage of infants who engaged in separation protest seldom varied across cultures. 
2. It peaks at about 24 months among U.S. infants. 
3. Infants reached a peak of protest at about the same age across cultures. 
4. It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months.

6.   Fourteen-year-old Michael Rehbein had the left hemisphere of his brain removed to end uncontrollable seizures. His right hemisphere gradually began to reorganize and take over functions that normally occurred in the brain’s left hemisphere. This case study is cited in the chapter in order to demonstrate that:            

1. the brain can adapt and function only when whole.
2. myelination varies in different areas of the brain. 
3. the brain is both flexible and resilient.
4. the effects of deprived environments on the brain are irreversible.

7.  According to Jerome Kagan, children with which of the following types of temperament at age two to three later showed social phobia symptoms at seven years of age?  

1. intermediate
2. inhibited
3. surgent
4. extremely uninhibited

8.  Tara holds her two-month-old daughter, Sonia, close to her, makes eye contact, and smiles and sings softly to her. Tara is engaging in            

1.  face-to-face play. 
2. imitation.
3. parallel play. 
4. joint attention.

9.  Which of the following is most likely to allow information to pass from neuron to neuron?      

1. the formation of a layer of fat cells that encases many axons 
2. the chemical interactions in synapses that connect axons and dendrites  
3. the ferrying of information across neurotransmitters by a synapse 
4. the release of neurotransmitters into the cell body of a neuron by terminal buttons

10.   Which of the following statements is true about emotions?            

1. Social relationships seldom provide the setting for the development of emotions. 
2. Biological evolution has endowed human beings to be emotional. 
3. Self-conscious emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate.
4. Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences.

11.  Sakura isn’t a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn’t cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas and Chess, he would be classified as            

1. a difficult child.
2. a slow child.
3. a slow-to-warm-up child.
4. an easy child.

12.  Amanda is 6 days old. Which of the following statements is true about Amanda’s hearing?            

1. Amanda is more sensitive to the pitch of a sound than an adult. 
2. Amanda is able to hear high-pitched sounds better than low-pitched sounds.
3. Amanda cannot determine the general location from where a sound is coming. 
4. Amanda is able to hear low-pitched sounds better than high-pitched sounds.

13.  Diego is in the Strange Situation with his caregiver; he explores the room and examines the toys that have been placed in it. He uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the room. He would be classified as being            

1. insecure resistant.
2. insecure avoidant.
3. securely attached. 
4. insecure disorganized.

14.  Which of the following is true of breast feeding with regard to overweight infants?            

1. Compared with bottle-fed infants, breast-fed infants have more gastrointestinal infec¬tions that can lead to obesity.
2. If complementary foods are introduced after breast feeding, the risk of obesity increases by approximately 20 percent in breast-fed infants.
3. Breast-fed infants have lower rates of weight gain than bottle-fed infants in childhood and adolescence.
4. Breast-fed infants are more likely to become overweight or obese in adult¬hood.

15.  Jean Piaget believed that cognition in one stage is _____ that in another stage.        

1. qualitatively different from
2. qualitatively similar to
3. quantitatively different from
4. quantitatively similar to

16.  Which of the following best exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children?            

1. Fathers are less affectionate with their children.
2. Mothers express more emotions with their children.
3. Mothers smile more at their children.
4. Fathers engage in more physical play with their children.

17.   Which of the following statements is true of the electroencephalogram (EEG)?            

1. It is a measure of the brain’s electrical activity and is used to learn about the brain’s development in infancy.
2. It is an imaging technique that uses computer-processed X-raymeasurementsto produce cross-sectional images of the organs in the body.
3. It uses very low levels of near-infrared light to monitor changes in blood oxygen in infants’ brains.
4. It is an imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields to generate images of the organs in the body.

18.   Sheena wants to hang a picture above her baby’s crib. She wants her baby to show interest in the picture. Which of the following pictures is the baby most likely to be interested in?            

1.  a picture of an attractive face
2. a picture of an unattractive face
3. a picture of a white circle
4. a picture of a bright red circle

19.   Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise, she responds with the _____ reflex, where she arches her back, throws back her head, flings out her arms and legs, and then rapidly closes her arms and legs.            

1.  Moro
2. fencing
3.  rooting
4. grasping

20.   According to Bowlby’s conceptualization of attachment, which of the following is the time period for phase 3?        

1. from 2 to 7 months
2. from 24 months on
3. from 7 to 24 months
4. from birth to 2 months

21.   Benji has started calling his father “dad,” but he also calls all the men that he sees “dad.” According to Piaget, this error is due to the phenomenon of            

1. assimilation.
2. application. 
3. amalgamation.
4. accommodation.

22.  Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is true?       

1. They are emotions that are present in humans and other animals. 
2. They involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated.
3. These emotions appear in the first six months of the infant’s development.
4. They include emotions like surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.

23.   In the brain, the _____ lobe is involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose.          

1. frontal 
2. temporal
3. parietal
4. occipital

24.  In the context of the brain’s development, which of the following statements is true of lateralization?          

1. It refers to the expansion of dendritic connections that facilitates the spreading of neural pathways in infant development.
2. It refers to the process of encasing axons of neurons in the brain with fat cells.
3. It refers to the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other.  
4. It refers to the categorization of the areas of the brain based on ridges and valleys in the cortex.

25.  Which of the following statements is true of an infant’s color vision?            

1.  It usually mirrors that of an adult at birth. 
2. Its development, in part, reflects maturation.
3. Its development is independent of the experience of the infant.
4. It usually approximates that of an adult by four months of age.

26.  The _____ includes the cerebral cortex and several structures beneath it.          

1.  midbrain
2. top brain
3. hindbrain
4. forebrain

27.     _____ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.            

1.  Assimilation
2. Accommodation
3. Application
4. Adaptation

28.   Which of the following statements about reflexes is true?        

1.   All newborn reflexes disappear a few months after birth.
2. Reflexive behavior is identical among babies.
3. Some reflexes persist through life.
4. All reflexes have survival value today.

29.      _____ are tiny gaps, or junctions, between neurons’ fibers.          

1. Myelin sheaths
2. Dendrites
3. Synapses
4. Neurotransmitters

30.  According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object      

1.   that provides a sense of trust.
2. that provides oral satisfaction.
3. that is perceived to be a non-stranger.
4. that provides physical comfort.