The Reproductive System
Reproductive System
Slide 1 – Introduction
Now let’s begin the final section of Unit 3, the reproductive system. Before we begin we need to
define the term gamete, as we will see this over and over again. Gametes are eggs and sperm.
They are unique cells because they only have half the numbers of chromosomes than the other
cells of the body. We will discuss this further when we explore cell division in unit 4.
Slide 2 – Male versus female reproductive system
Let’s start our exploration of the reproductive system by looking at the differences between the
male and the female reproductive systems. The first difference is that after puberty males
produce sperm throughout their lives, while females produce eggs between puberty and
menopause. Men are constantly producing their gametes and therefore are constantly producing
hormones. Females on the other hand have a reproductive cycle in which different hormones are
produced at different times. Another difference is that men have a shared reproductive and
urinary tract; in females these two systems are separate.
Slide 3 – Male Reproductive Anatomy
The male reproductive system consists of the male gonads, which are called the testes, accessory
reproductive organs, which include ducts, glands, and external genitalia that aid sperm
production/delivery. The next several slides will discuss the main structures of the male
reproductive system in detail.
Slide 4 – Testes
The testes are the primary reproductive organ of the male. The testes have dual functionality.
The first function is hormone secretion. The testes secrete testosterone, which is the male sex
hormone responsible for:
1. development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics
2. stimulating protein synthesis
3. promoting growth of skeletal muscles
The second function of the testes is spermatogenesis, the formation and maturation of sperm
cells. Within the testes are a structure called seminiferous tubules, and this is where sperm cells
are produced. In cross section the seminiferous tubules appear roughly circular. Within the
seminiferous tubules are interstitial cells, and these are the cells that secrete testosterone.
Slide 5 – Epididymis
The epididymis is a highly coiled, 18 inch long tube that is positioned outside of the testes. Once
sperm are produced, they move to epididymis by peristaltic movement, where they mature and
are stored until needed. Stored sperm remain fertile for approximately 40–60 days. Older sperm
disintegrate and are reabsorbed by epididymis.
Slide 6 – Vas Deferens
The vas deferens is a muscular tube that passes upward alongside the testicles and transports the
semen from the epididymis during ejaculation. This is the structure that is cut during a
vasectomy.
Slide 1 – Introduction
Now let’s begin the final section of Unit 3, the reproductive system. Before we begin we need to
define the term gamete, as we will see this over and over again. Gametes are eggs and sperm.
They are unique cells because they only have half the numbers of chromosomes than the other
cells of the body. We will discuss this further when we explore cell division in unit 4.
Slide 2 – Male versus female reproductive system
Let’s start our exploration of the reproductive system by looking at the differences between the
male and the female reproductive systems. The first difference is that after puberty males
produce sperm throughout their lives, while females produce eggs between puberty and
menopause. Men are constantly producing their gametes and therefore are constantly producing
hormones. Females on the other hand have a reproductive cycle in which different hormones are
produced at different times. Another difference is that men have a shared reproductive and
urinary tract; in females these two systems are separate.
Slide 3 – Male Reproductive Anatomy
The male reproductive system consists of the male gonads, which are called the testes, accessory
reproductive organs, which include ducts, glands, and external genitalia that aid sperm
production/delivery. The next several slides will discuss the main structures of the male
reproductive system in detail.
Slide 4 – Testes
The testes are the primary reproductive organ of the male. The testes have dual functionality.
The first function is hormone secretion. The testes secrete testosterone, which is the male sex
hormone responsible for:
1. development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics
2. stimulating protein synthesis
3. promoting growth of skeletal muscles
The second function of the testes is spermatogenesis, the formation and maturation of sperm
cells. Within the testes are a structure called seminiferous tubules, and this is where sperm cells
are produced. In cross section the seminiferous tubules appear roughly circular. Within the
seminiferous tubules are interstitial cells, and these are the cells that secrete testosterone.
Slide 5 – Epididymis
The epididymis is a highly coiled, 18 inch long tube that is positioned outside of the testes. Once
sperm are produced, they move to epididymis by peristaltic movement, where they mature and
are stored until needed. Stored sperm remain fertile for approximately 40–60 days. Older sperm
disintegrate and are reabsorbed by epididymis.
Slide 6 – Vas Deferens
The vas deferens is a muscular tube that passes upward alongside the testicles and transports the
semen from the epididymis during ejaculation. This is the structure that is cut during a
vasectomy.
Reproductive System
Slide 7 – Accessory Glands
Three accessory glands secrete fluids that mix with the sperm. The combination of sperm and
this fluid is called semen.
1. seminal vesicles (paired)
The seminal vesicles are a pair of glands dorsal to bladder, each ~5 cm long. They secrete a
viscous yellowish liquid rich in fructose, prostaglandins and other nutrients that comprises ~60%
of the semen. Fructose serves as energy source for sperm.
2. prostate gland (single)
The prostate gland is below the urinary bladder, is ~3 cm in diameter, and surrounds the
ejaculatory duct at the junction with the urethra. The prostate secretes a thin, milky liquid that
protects sperm from the acidity of male urethra and female vagina
3. bulbourethral glands (paired)
The bulbourethral glands are small (~1cm) pea–shaped glands below the prostate. During sexual
arousal they produce a clear, slippery fluid that lubricates the head of the penis in preparation for
intercourse. This fluid also protects sperm by helping to neutralize the acidity of residual urine
in urethra. During arousal some of this fluid may appear at tip of penis and may contain
sufficient sperm to fertilize the egg even without actual ejaculation.
Slide 8 – Scrotum
The testes develop inside the body cavity and descend into the scrotum shortly before birth.
Sperm develop best at temperatures below the average human body temperature. The scrotum
changes size to maintain the ideal temperature for sperm production and storage. When cold, the
scrotum shrinks to retain heat; and when warm, the scrotum distends to release heat. These
changes occur automatically and are under the control of the central nervous system. An
elevated temperature of the scrotum, and the testes inside, can cause sperm development to stop
temporarily. A fever can kill hundreds of thousands of sperm cells.
Slide 9 – YouTube Video – Male Reproductive Anatomy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nr5W9trSv8I
Slide 10 – Female Reproductive Anatomy
The function of the reproductive system is to produce offspring. It is the only major system that
doesn’t work continuously. In females it is activated at puberty and ceases to function at
menopause.
The female reproductive system consists of the female gonads, which are called the ovaries,
accessory reproductive organs, which include ducts, glands, and external genitalia that aid in egg
production and development of a fetus. The next several slides will discuss the main structures
of the female reproductive system in detail.
Slide 11 – Ovaries
The ovaries perform two major functions:
1. oogenesis, which is the formation of eggs; and
2. hormone secretions, mainly estrogen and progesterone
Within follicles in the ovaries are partially developed egg cells. A newborn baby girl already
contains ~2 million eggs that have partially developed.
Slide 7 – Accessory Glands
Three accessory glands secrete fluids that mix with the sperm. The combination of sperm and
this fluid is called semen.
1. seminal vesicles (paired)
The seminal vesicles are a pair of glands dorsal to bladder, each ~5 cm long. They secrete a
viscous yellowish liquid rich in fructose, prostaglandins and other nutrients that comprises ~60%
of the semen. Fructose serves as energy source for sperm.
2. prostate gland (single)
The prostate gland is below the urinary bladder, is ~3 cm in diameter, and surrounds the
ejaculatory duct at the junction with the urethra. The prostate secretes a thin, milky liquid that
protects sperm from the acidity of male urethra and female vagina
3. bulbourethral glands (paired)
The bulbourethral glands are small (~1cm) pea–shaped glands below the prostate. During sexual
arousal they produce a clear, slippery fluid that lubricates the head of the penis in preparation for
intercourse. This fluid also protects sperm by helping to neutralize the acidity of residual urine
in urethra. During arousal some of this fluid may appear at tip of penis and may contain
sufficient sperm to fertilize the egg even without actual ejaculation.
Slide 8 – Scrotum
The testes develop inside the body cavity and descend into the scrotum shortly before birth.
Sperm develop best at temperatures below the average human body temperature. The scrotum
changes size to maintain the ideal temperature for sperm production and storage. When cold, the
scrotum shrinks to retain heat; and when warm, the scrotum distends to release heat. These
changes occur automatically and are under the control of the central nervous system. An
elevated temperature of the scrotum, and the testes inside, can cause sperm development to stop
temporarily. A fever can kill hundreds of thousands of sperm cells.
Slide 9 – YouTube Video – Male Reproductive Anatomy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nr5W9trSv8I
Slide 10 – Female Reproductive Anatomy
The function of the reproductive system is to produce offspring. It is the only major system that
doesn’t work continuously. In females it is activated at puberty and ceases to function at
menopause.
The female reproductive system consists of the female gonads, which are called the ovaries,
accessory reproductive organs, which include ducts, glands, and external genitalia that aid in egg
production and development of a fetus. The next several slides will discuss the main structures
of the female reproductive system in detail.
Slide 11 – Ovaries
The ovaries perform two major functions:
1. oogenesis, which is the formation of eggs; and
2. hormone secretions, mainly estrogen and progesterone
Within follicles in the ovaries are partially developed egg cells. A newborn baby girl already
contains ~2 million eggs that have partially developed.
Reproductive System
Slide 12 – Fallopian Tubes
The fallopian tubes are open at one end to receive the egg at ovulation. The opening is enlarged
and partially surrounds the ovary with a feathery projections called fimbriae. The fallopian
tubes are ciliated along their length and have muscular wall to move an egg down to uterus. The
fallopian tubes are the site of fertilization.
Slide 13 – Uterus
The uterus is a thick pear–shaped, muscular organ. It consists of three sections (fundus, body,
and cervix). The fundus is the upper portion, the body is the mid portion, and the cervix is the
lower portion that extends into the vagina. The uterus receives the egg from fallopian tube and if
fertilized, holds the embryo and fetus during development.
Slide 14 – Endometrium
The endometrium is the lining of the uterus. This lining thickens each month in preparation for
pregnancy. If an egg is not fertilized, then the lining sloughs off. The endometrium, itself, has
two layers. The functional layer is the part that builds up and sheds each cycle. The basal layer is
not shed and from it the functional layer develops.
Slide 15 – Vagina
The vagina leads to outside of the body. It is a muscular tube with thin walls, but is easily
distended. The vagina has great capacity for expansion during birth to accommodate fetal
passage. Mucosa secretions from the vagina produce lubricating fluid during sexual arousal.
Slide 16 – YouTube Video – Female Reproductive Anatomy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toKp0SGyv5w
Slide 17 – Check Your Understanding
Now that we have learned about the male and female reproductive systems, let’s check your
knowledge of the subject. The following slides will have a series of questions on the topic. Be
sure to click “Submit” after answering each question.
Slides 18 through 32 – Male and Female Reproductive Systems Interactive Quiz
A non–graded assessment of your knowledge of the male and female reproductive systems.
Slide 33 – Physiology of erection
The penis of the male contains three large compartments of spongy, erectile tissue. During
normal activities, the arteries that flow into the penis are constricted. This prevents blood from
flowing into the erectile tissue and the penis remains flaccid.
During sexual arousal, chemicals are produced which the relax smooth muscles within incoming
arteries. Blood flows into the erectile tissues and the expansion of the spongy tissue clamps off
veins. When the veins are clamped off, blood cannot leave the tissue, resulting in an erection.
Erectile dysfunction is defined as the persistent inability to attain or maintain penile erection
sufficient for sexual intercourse. Erectile dysfunction mediations, such as Viagra, Cialis, and
Levitra work by relaxing the muscles in the spongy tissue of the penis, which increases blood
flow and triggering an erection.
Slide 12 – Fallopian Tubes
The fallopian tubes are open at one end to receive the egg at ovulation. The opening is enlarged
and partially surrounds the ovary with a feathery projections called fimbriae. The fallopian
tubes are ciliated along their length and have muscular wall to move an egg down to uterus. The
fallopian tubes are the site of fertilization.
Slide 13 – Uterus
The uterus is a thick pear–shaped, muscular organ. It consists of three sections (fundus, body,
and cervix). The fundus is the upper portion, the body is the mid portion, and the cervix is the
lower portion that extends into the vagina. The uterus receives the egg from fallopian tube and if
fertilized, holds the embryo and fetus during development.
Slide 14 – Endometrium
The endometrium is the lining of the uterus. This lining thickens each month in preparation for
pregnancy. If an egg is not fertilized, then the lining sloughs off. The endometrium, itself, has
two layers. The functional layer is the part that builds up and sheds each cycle. The basal layer is
not shed and from it the functional layer develops.
Slide 15 – Vagina
The vagina leads to outside of the body. It is a muscular tube with thin walls, but is easily
distended. The vagina has great capacity for expansion during birth to accommodate fetal
passage. Mucosa secretions from the vagina produce lubricating fluid during sexual arousal.
Slide 16 – YouTube Video – Female Reproductive Anatomy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toKp0SGyv5w
Slide 17 – Check Your Understanding
Now that we have learned about the male and female reproductive systems, let’s check your
knowledge of the subject. The following slides will have a series of questions on the topic. Be
sure to click “Submit” after answering each question.
Slides 18 through 32 – Male and Female Reproductive Systems Interactive Quiz
A non–graded assessment of your knowledge of the male and female reproductive systems.
Slide 33 – Physiology of erection
The penis of the male contains three large compartments of spongy, erectile tissue. During
normal activities, the arteries that flow into the penis are constricted. This prevents blood from
flowing into the erectile tissue and the penis remains flaccid.
During sexual arousal, chemicals are produced which the relax smooth muscles within incoming
arteries. Blood flows into the erectile tissues and the expansion of the spongy tissue clamps off
veins. When the veins are clamped off, blood cannot leave the tissue, resulting in an erection.
Erectile dysfunction is defined as the persistent inability to attain or maintain penile erection
sufficient for sexual intercourse. Erectile dysfunction mediations, such as Viagra, Cialis, and
Levitra work by relaxing the muscles in the spongy tissue of the penis, which increases blood
flow and triggering an erection.
Reproductive System
Slide 34 – Sperm structure
Sperm develop within the highly coiled seminiferous tubules of the testes. When the sperm are
fully mature they are extremely small, being little more than a bag of genetic material with a tail.
The head of the sperm cell contains the nucleus and an acrosome. The acrosome contains
digestive enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the coatings surrounding the egg. The tail
consists of a flagellum which allows the sperm to swim through the female reproductive tract to
the egg. Sperm also contain a fair number of mitochondria to provide it the ATP energy needed
for swimming and fertilization.
Slide 35 – Seminal fluid
Most of you already know that sperm is released in a fluid. Sperm swim and to do so they must
be in a fluid medium. The fluid is produced by the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland. The
fluid also contains a variety of other compounds that will help the sperm accomplish the job of
fertilizing an egg. The bulbourethal gland produces an alkaline fluid that protects the sperm
from urine and acidic environment of the female vaginal tract. Remember that urine is slightly
acidic and sperm and urine share the tract in the male. The female vaginal tract is also acidic as
a natural defense mechanism. The bulbourethral gland also produces a lubricant that lubricates
the passage for the sperm.
The seminal vesicles produce prostaglandins. Prostaglandins cause smooth muscle, like the
muscle found in the uterus to contract. Contractions of the uterus help to propel the sperm higher
into the female reproductive tract. Fructose is also produced by the seminal vesicles, which the
sperm use as a source of fuel. Finally, the prostate gland produces antibiotic enzymes that help
to keep the fluid safe from bacterial infection.
Slide 36 – Hormones
Do you remember our discussion of hormones from unit 2? Hormones are chemical messengers
that the body produces in one place, but have their action at another site in the body. Most
hormones are proteins; however the sex hormones are an exception because they are lipids. The
sex hormones most people are familiar with are the female hormone estrogen and the male
hormone testosterone. These are the hormones responsible for the secondary sex characteristics
of females and males, such as breast in women and facial hair in men.
Slide 37 – Male hormonal control
Let’s look at the hormonal control of the male reproductive system. In both male sand females
the hypothalamus, a part of the brain, produces a hormone called gonadotropin releasing
hormone, or GnRH. GnRH causes the pituitary gland to release two hormones, follicle
stimulating hormone, abbreviated FSH, and luteinizing hormone, abbreviated LH. In males the
FSH is responsible for the production of sperm and another hormone called inhibin. LH causes
the production of testosterone. There is a negative feedback mechanism here. When levels of
sperm get too high, the hormone inhibin stops the production of GnRH, FSH, and LH. High
levels of testosterone will also inhibit the production of GnRH, FSH, and LH.
Slide 38– YouTube Video – Male Hormonal Control
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWIHDsaIjBs
Slide 34 – Sperm structure
Sperm develop within the highly coiled seminiferous tubules of the testes. When the sperm are
fully mature they are extremely small, being little more than a bag of genetic material with a tail.
The head of the sperm cell contains the nucleus and an acrosome. The acrosome contains
digestive enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the coatings surrounding the egg. The tail
consists of a flagellum which allows the sperm to swim through the female reproductive tract to
the egg. Sperm also contain a fair number of mitochondria to provide it the ATP energy needed
for swimming and fertilization.
Slide 35 – Seminal fluid
Most of you already know that sperm is released in a fluid. Sperm swim and to do so they must
be in a fluid medium. The fluid is produced by the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland. The
fluid also contains a variety of other compounds that will help the sperm accomplish the job of
fertilizing an egg. The bulbourethal gland produces an alkaline fluid that protects the sperm
from urine and acidic environment of the female vaginal tract. Remember that urine is slightly
acidic and sperm and urine share the tract in the male. The female vaginal tract is also acidic as
a natural defense mechanism. The bulbourethral gland also produces a lubricant that lubricates
the passage for the sperm.
The seminal vesicles produce prostaglandins. Prostaglandins cause smooth muscle, like the
muscle found in the uterus to contract. Contractions of the uterus help to propel the sperm higher
into the female reproductive tract. Fructose is also produced by the seminal vesicles, which the
sperm use as a source of fuel. Finally, the prostate gland produces antibiotic enzymes that help
to keep the fluid safe from bacterial infection.
Slide 36 – Hormones
Do you remember our discussion of hormones from unit 2? Hormones are chemical messengers
that the body produces in one place, but have their action at another site in the body. Most
hormones are proteins; however the sex hormones are an exception because they are lipids. The
sex hormones most people are familiar with are the female hormone estrogen and the male
hormone testosterone. These are the hormones responsible for the secondary sex characteristics
of females and males, such as breast in women and facial hair in men.
Slide 37 – Male hormonal control
Let’s look at the hormonal control of the male reproductive system. In both male sand females
the hypothalamus, a part of the brain, produces a hormone called gonadotropin releasing
hormone, or GnRH. GnRH causes the pituitary gland to release two hormones, follicle
stimulating hormone, abbreviated FSH, and luteinizing hormone, abbreviated LH. In males the
FSH is responsible for the production of sperm and another hormone called inhibin. LH causes
the production of testosterone. There is a negative feedback mechanism here. When levels of
sperm get too high, the hormone inhibin stops the production of GnRH, FSH, and LH. High
levels of testosterone will also inhibit the production of GnRH, FSH, and LH.
Slide 38– YouTube Video – Male Hormonal Control
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWIHDsaIjBs
Reproductive System
Slide 39 – Female reproductive system
The female reproductive cycle is more complicated than that of the male. Let’s start by looking
at what happens inside the system and then look at the hormonal control of the system.
Slide 40 – Ovaries
Eggs are found inside the ovaries in an arrested state of development. A female is born with all
the eggs she will ever have inside of her ovaries. To begin the cycle an egg divides inside a
structure called the follicle. The follicle secretes the hormone progesterone. Progesterone tells
the uterus to build up a lining for the preparation of a fertilized egg. The lining of the uterus is
called the endometrial lining. At ovulation, the follicle burst open and the eggs leaves the ovary
and travel down the fallopian tube. The fallopian tube is also known as the oviduct.
Slide 41 – Corpus luteum
What is left of the follicle transforms into another structure called the corpus luteum. The corpus
luteum continues to secrete progesterone. If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum will
disintegrate in about 10 days. The disintegration of the corpus luteum means that the level of
progesterone drops, and the endometrial lining is no longer maintained. The lining of the uterus
is what is shed during menstruation.
Slide 42 – Fertilization
If the egg is fertilized, the corpus luteum will not disintegrate and will continue to secrete
progesterone to maintain the endometrial lining. Progesterone is known as the hormone of
pregnancy. The egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube, but after fertilization will implant itself in
the thick endometrial lining. Implantation takes place about 7 to 10 days after fertilization.
After the embryo has implanted in the endometrial lining, it begins to send tissue out to the lining
that will develop into the placenta. The placenta secretes a hormone called human chorionic
gonadotropin, abbreviated HCG. HCG is the hormone detected by a pregnancy test.
Slide 43 – Female hormonal control
What causes all of these events to occur? The answer is hormones. The hormone FSH (the same
follicle stimulating hormone we saw in the male reproductive system) causes the follicle to
develop within the ovary. FSH is also responsible for the production of estrogen in the female.
The hormone LH (again this is the same luteinizing hormone we saw in the male reproductive
system) causes ovulation and leads to the development of the corpus luteum and the hormone
progesterone.
Slide 44 – Menstrual cycle
The female hormones are cyclic. This means that the hormones increase or decrease based on
the events taking place in the reproductive tract. Let’s look at what happens during that cycle.
The levels of FSH and LH peak around the time of ovulation. FSH levels are high during the
time the follicle is developing. LH levels are the lowest at the time of menstruation.
Progesterone levels are high right after ovulation, because this is when the corpus luteum is
intact and secreting progesterone. After the corpus lutem disintegrates, progesterone levels
decrease sharply.
Slide 45 – Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
Animation
Slide 39 – Female reproductive system
The female reproductive cycle is more complicated than that of the male. Let’s start by looking
at what happens inside the system and then look at the hormonal control of the system.
Slide 40 – Ovaries
Eggs are found inside the ovaries in an arrested state of development. A female is born with all
the eggs she will ever have inside of her ovaries. To begin the cycle an egg divides inside a
structure called the follicle. The follicle secretes the hormone progesterone. Progesterone tells
the uterus to build up a lining for the preparation of a fertilized egg. The lining of the uterus is
called the endometrial lining. At ovulation, the follicle burst open and the eggs leaves the ovary
and travel down the fallopian tube. The fallopian tube is also known as the oviduct.
Slide 41 – Corpus luteum
What is left of the follicle transforms into another structure called the corpus luteum. The corpus
luteum continues to secrete progesterone. If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum will
disintegrate in about 10 days. The disintegration of the corpus luteum means that the level of
progesterone drops, and the endometrial lining is no longer maintained. The lining of the uterus
is what is shed during menstruation.
Slide 42 – Fertilization
If the egg is fertilized, the corpus luteum will not disintegrate and will continue to secrete
progesterone to maintain the endometrial lining. Progesterone is known as the hormone of
pregnancy. The egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube, but after fertilization will implant itself in
the thick endometrial lining. Implantation takes place about 7 to 10 days after fertilization.
After the embryo has implanted in the endometrial lining, it begins to send tissue out to the lining
that will develop into the placenta. The placenta secretes a hormone called human chorionic
gonadotropin, abbreviated HCG. HCG is the hormone detected by a pregnancy test.
Slide 43 – Female hormonal control
What causes all of these events to occur? The answer is hormones. The hormone FSH (the same
follicle stimulating hormone we saw in the male reproductive system) causes the follicle to
develop within the ovary. FSH is also responsible for the production of estrogen in the female.
The hormone LH (again this is the same luteinizing hormone we saw in the male reproductive
system) causes ovulation and leads to the development of the corpus luteum and the hormone
progesterone.
Slide 44 – Menstrual cycle
The female hormones are cyclic. This means that the hormones increase or decrease based on
the events taking place in the reproductive tract. Let’s look at what happens during that cycle.
The levels of FSH and LH peak around the time of ovulation. FSH levels are high during the
time the follicle is developing. LH levels are the lowest at the time of menstruation.
Progesterone levels are high right after ovulation, because this is when the corpus luteum is
intact and secreting progesterone. After the corpus lutem disintegrates, progesterone levels
decrease sharply.
Slide 45 – Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
Animation
Reproductive System
Slide 46 – Check Your Understanding
Now that we have learned about the hormones involved in the reproductive system, let’s check
your knowledge of the subject. The following slides will have a series of questions on the topic.
Be sure to click “Submit” after answering each question.
Slides 47 through 56 – Hormones Involved in Reproduction Interactive Quiz
A non–graded assessment of your knowledge of the hormones involved in reproduction.
Slide 57 – Contraception
Birth control, or contraception, is any method which prevents the sperm and the egg (oocyte)
from making contact, or prevents an embryo from implanting in the endometrium. There are
many forms of contraception, each with varying degrees of reliability.
Slide 58 – Efficacy
How effective is effective? Efficacy of birth control methods has always been a major concern.
If you’re going to use it, it should work, right? Most non–surgical methods of birth control are
between 75–90% effective in preventing pregnancy. Surgical sterilization is one method of birth
control which provides nearly 100% prevention of conception. We’ll overview several methods
of each in the next several slides.
Slide59 – Categories of Birth Control
There are several categories of birth control. These include sterilization, barrier methods,
inhibition of the release of gametes, and the prevention of embryo implantation. We will discuss
the various forms of birth control that are within each of these categories in further detail
throughout the remainder of this lecture.
Slide 60 – Sterilization
Sterilization is considered a permanent form of birth control. During a sterilization procedure,
the ducts that carry the gametes are closed or blocked. Sterilization in a male is called a
vasectomy, while in a female it is called a tubal ligation. The details of each of these procedures
will be detailed on the following slides.
Slide 61 – Vasectomy
A vasectomy blocks each vas deferens and keeps sperm out of the seminal fluid. The sperm are
absorbed by the body instead of being ejaculated. Without sperm, the ejaculate cannot cause
pregnancy. A vasectomy is the most effective birth control for men. It is nearly 100 percent
effective. However, a vasectomy is not immediately effective. Sperm remains beyond the
blocked tubes. Another form of birth control must be used until the sperm are used up. It usually
takes about three months. A simple test — semen analysis — shows when there are no more
sperm in your ejaculate.
Slide 62 – Tubal Ligation
During a sterilization procedure, a health care provider closes or blocks a woman’s fallopian
tubes. Closing the tubes can be done in several ways.
One way is by tying and cutting the tubes — this is called tubal ligation. The fallopian tubes also
can be sealed using an instrument with an electrical current. They also can be closed with clips,
clamps, or rings. Sometimes, a small piece of the tube is removed.
Slide 46 – Check Your Understanding
Now that we have learned about the hormones involved in the reproductive system, let’s check
your knowledge of the subject. The following slides will have a series of questions on the topic.
Be sure to click “Submit” after answering each question.
Slides 47 through 56 – Hormones Involved in Reproduction Interactive Quiz
A non–graded assessment of your knowledge of the hormones involved in reproduction.
Slide 57 – Contraception
Birth control, or contraception, is any method which prevents the sperm and the egg (oocyte)
from making contact, or prevents an embryo from implanting in the endometrium. There are
many forms of contraception, each with varying degrees of reliability.
Slide 58 – Efficacy
How effective is effective? Efficacy of birth control methods has always been a major concern.
If you’re going to use it, it should work, right? Most non–surgical methods of birth control are
between 75–90% effective in preventing pregnancy. Surgical sterilization is one method of birth
control which provides nearly 100% prevention of conception. We’ll overview several methods
of each in the next several slides.
Slide59 – Categories of Birth Control
There are several categories of birth control. These include sterilization, barrier methods,
inhibition of the release of gametes, and the prevention of embryo implantation. We will discuss
the various forms of birth control that are within each of these categories in further detail
throughout the remainder of this lecture.
Slide 60 – Sterilization
Sterilization is considered a permanent form of birth control. During a sterilization procedure,
the ducts that carry the gametes are closed or blocked. Sterilization in a male is called a
vasectomy, while in a female it is called a tubal ligation. The details of each of these procedures
will be detailed on the following slides.
Slide 61 – Vasectomy
A vasectomy blocks each vas deferens and keeps sperm out of the seminal fluid. The sperm are
absorbed by the body instead of being ejaculated. Without sperm, the ejaculate cannot cause
pregnancy. A vasectomy is the most effective birth control for men. It is nearly 100 percent
effective. However, a vasectomy is not immediately effective. Sperm remains beyond the
blocked tubes. Another form of birth control must be used until the sperm are used up. It usually
takes about three months. A simple test — semen analysis — shows when there are no more
sperm in your ejaculate.
Slide 62 – Tubal Ligation
During a sterilization procedure, a health care provider closes or blocks a woman’s fallopian
tubes. Closing the tubes can be done in several ways.
One way is by tying and cutting the tubes — this is called tubal ligation. The fallopian tubes also
can be sealed using an instrument with an electrical current. They also can be closed with clips,
clamps, or rings. Sometimes, a small piece of the tube is removed.
Reproductive System
Sometimes, tiny inserts are put in the tubes. Tissue grows around them and blocks the tubes. The
brand names for these types of sterilization are Adiana and Essure.
Slide 63 – Barrier Methods
The next category of birth control we will discuss are barrier methods. Barrier methods of birth
control provide physical barriers that prevent the sperm from coming in contact with the egg,
therefore fertilization and pregnancy cannot occur.
Slide 64 – Diaphragm
The diaphragm is a shallow, dome–shaped cup with a flexible rim. It is made of silicone and
inserted it into the vagina prior to sexual intercourse. When it is in place, it covers the cervix.
Diaphragms prevent pregnancy by keeping sperm from joining with an egg. In order to be as
effective as possible, the diaphragm must be used with spermicidal cream, gel, or jelly.
Diaphragms work in two ways:
• The diaphragm blocks the opening to the uterus.
• The spermicide kills most of the sperm.
Slide 65 – Male Condoms
Male condoms are worn on the penis during intercourse. They are made of thin latex or plastic
that has been molded into the shape of a penis. Condoms prevent pregnancy and reduce the risk
of sexually transmitted diseases.
Condoms prevent pregnancy by collecting semen when a man ejaculates. This keeps sperm from
entering the vagina. Pregnancy cannot happen if sperm cannot join with an egg. In addition, by
covering the penis and keeping semen out of the vagina, anus, or mouth, condoms also reduce
the risk of sexually transmitted infections.
Slide 66 – Females Condoms
The female condom is a plastic pouch that is used during intercourse to prevent pregnancy and
reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases. It has flexible rings at each end. Just
before vaginal intercourse, it is inserted deep into the vagina. The ring at the closed end holds the
pouch in the vagina. The ring at the open end stays outside the vaginal opening during
intercourse.
Female condoms work to prevent pregnancy by covering the inside of the vagina. They collect
semen when a man ejaculates. This keeps sperm from entering the vagina. Pregnancy cannot
happen if sperm cannot join with an egg.
Slide 67 – Sponge
The sponge is made of plastic foam and contains spermicide. It is soft, round, and about two
inches in diameter. It has a nylon loop attached to the bottom for removal. It is inserted deep into
the vagina before intercourse.
The sponge prevents pregnancy by keeping sperm from joining with an egg. It works in two
ways:
• The sponge covers the cervix and blocks sperm from entering the uterus.
• The sponge also continuously releases a spermicide that kills most sperm.
Sometimes, tiny inserts are put in the tubes. Tissue grows around them and blocks the tubes. The
brand names for these types of sterilization are Adiana and Essure.
Slide 63 – Barrier Methods
The next category of birth control we will discuss are barrier methods. Barrier methods of birth
control provide physical barriers that prevent the sperm from coming in contact with the egg,
therefore fertilization and pregnancy cannot occur.
Slide 64 – Diaphragm
The diaphragm is a shallow, dome–shaped cup with a flexible rim. It is made of silicone and
inserted it into the vagina prior to sexual intercourse. When it is in place, it covers the cervix.
Diaphragms prevent pregnancy by keeping sperm from joining with an egg. In order to be as
effective as possible, the diaphragm must be used with spermicidal cream, gel, or jelly.
Diaphragms work in two ways:
• The diaphragm blocks the opening to the uterus.
• The spermicide kills most of the sperm.
Slide 65 – Male Condoms
Male condoms are worn on the penis during intercourse. They are made of thin latex or plastic
that has been molded into the shape of a penis. Condoms prevent pregnancy and reduce the risk
of sexually transmitted diseases.
Condoms prevent pregnancy by collecting semen when a man ejaculates. This keeps sperm from
entering the vagina. Pregnancy cannot happen if sperm cannot join with an egg. In addition, by
covering the penis and keeping semen out of the vagina, anus, or mouth, condoms also reduce
the risk of sexually transmitted infections.
Slide 66 – Females Condoms
The female condom is a plastic pouch that is used during intercourse to prevent pregnancy and
reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases. It has flexible rings at each end. Just
before vaginal intercourse, it is inserted deep into the vagina. The ring at the closed end holds the
pouch in the vagina. The ring at the open end stays outside the vaginal opening during
intercourse.
Female condoms work to prevent pregnancy by covering the inside of the vagina. They collect
semen when a man ejaculates. This keeps sperm from entering the vagina. Pregnancy cannot
happen if sperm cannot join with an egg.
Slide 67 – Sponge
The sponge is made of plastic foam and contains spermicide. It is soft, round, and about two
inches in diameter. It has a nylon loop attached to the bottom for removal. It is inserted deep into
the vagina before intercourse.
The sponge prevents pregnancy by keeping sperm from joining with an egg. It works in two
ways:
• The sponge covers the cervix and blocks sperm from entering the uterus.
• The sponge also continuously releases a spermicide that kills most sperm.
Reproductive System
Slide 68 – Cervical Cap
The cervical cap is a silicone cup shaped like a sailor’s hat. It is inserted it into the vagina and
over the cervix. The cervical cap prevents pregnancy by keeping sperm from joining with an
egg. In order to be as effective as possible, the cervical cap must be used with spermicide cream
or jelly.
The cap works in two ways:
• The cervical cap blocks the opening to the uterus.
• The spermicide kills most of the sperm.
Slide 69 – Inhibition of the release of gametes
In order for pregnancy to occur gametes must be released from both the male and the female and
unite in the female reproductive tract. Another category of birth control prevents the release of
gametes.
Slide 70 – Birth Control Pills
It’s pretty common for people to be confused about how birth control pills work. Here’s what it
boils down to: birth control pills are made of hormones. Recall from our discussion of the
endocrine system that hormones are chemical messengers that are made in one part of the body
and have their effect in another part of the body. Some birth control pills contain two hormones
— estrogen and progestin. These are called combination pills. Some are progestin–only
pills. Most women on the pill take combination pills.
The hormones in the pill work by keeping a woman’s ovaries from releasing eggs, or ovulating.
Pregnancy cannot happen if there is no egg to join with sperm. The hormones in the pill also
prevent pregnancy by thickening a woman’s cervical mucus. The mucus blocks sperm and keeps
it from joining with an egg.
The hormones also thin the lining of the uterus. In theory, this could prevent pregnancy by
keeping a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus.
Slide 71 – The Patch
The birth control patch is a thin, beige, plastic patch that sticks to the skin. It is used to prevent
pregnancy. A new patch is placed on the skin once a week for three weeks in a row, followed by
a patch–free week.
Like the birth control pill, the birth control patch releases hormones. The hormones in the patch
are the same hormones as in the birth control pill — estrogen and progestin.
The hormones work by keeping a woman’s ovaries from releasing eggs — ovulation. Pregnancy
cannot happen if there is no egg to join with sperm. The hormones in the patch also prevent
pregnancy by thickening a woman’s cervical mucus. The mucus blocks sperm and keeps it from
joining with an egg. The hormones also thin the lining of the uterus. In theory, this could prevent
pregnancy by keeping a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus.
Slide 72 – Injections
The birth control shot is an injection of a hormone that prevents pregnancy. Each shot prevents
pregnancy for three months. The shot is also known by the brand name Depo–Provera.
The birth control shot releases a hormone — progestin — into the body. The progestin in the
shot works by keeping a woman’s ovaries from releasing eggs — ovulation. Pregnancy cannot
Slide 68 – Cervical Cap
The cervical cap is a silicone cup shaped like a sailor’s hat. It is inserted it into the vagina and
over the cervix. The cervical cap prevents pregnancy by keeping sperm from joining with an
egg. In order to be as effective as possible, the cervical cap must be used with spermicide cream
or jelly.
The cap works in two ways:
• The cervical cap blocks the opening to the uterus.
• The spermicide kills most of the sperm.
Slide 69 – Inhibition of the release of gametes
In order for pregnancy to occur gametes must be released from both the male and the female and
unite in the female reproductive tract. Another category of birth control prevents the release of
gametes.
Slide 70 – Birth Control Pills
It’s pretty common for people to be confused about how birth control pills work. Here’s what it
boils down to: birth control pills are made of hormones. Recall from our discussion of the
endocrine system that hormones are chemical messengers that are made in one part of the body
and have their effect in another part of the body. Some birth control pills contain two hormones
— estrogen and progestin. These are called combination pills. Some are progestin–only
pills. Most women on the pill take combination pills.
The hormones in the pill work by keeping a woman’s ovaries from releasing eggs, or ovulating.
Pregnancy cannot happen if there is no egg to join with sperm. The hormones in the pill also
prevent pregnancy by thickening a woman’s cervical mucus. The mucus blocks sperm and keeps
it from joining with an egg.
The hormones also thin the lining of the uterus. In theory, this could prevent pregnancy by
keeping a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus.
Slide 71 – The Patch
The birth control patch is a thin, beige, plastic patch that sticks to the skin. It is used to prevent
pregnancy. A new patch is placed on the skin once a week for three weeks in a row, followed by
a patch–free week.
Like the birth control pill, the birth control patch releases hormones. The hormones in the patch
are the same hormones as in the birth control pill — estrogen and progestin.
The hormones work by keeping a woman’s ovaries from releasing eggs — ovulation. Pregnancy
cannot happen if there is no egg to join with sperm. The hormones in the patch also prevent
pregnancy by thickening a woman’s cervical mucus. The mucus blocks sperm and keeps it from
joining with an egg. The hormones also thin the lining of the uterus. In theory, this could prevent
pregnancy by keeping a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus.
Slide 72 – Injections
The birth control shot is an injection of a hormone that prevents pregnancy. Each shot prevents
pregnancy for three months. The shot is also known by the brand name Depo–Provera.
The birth control shot releases a hormone — progestin — into the body. The progestin in the
shot works by keeping a woman’s ovaries from releasing eggs — ovulation. Pregnancy cannot
Reproductive System
happen if there is no egg to join with sperm. The progestin in the shot also prevents pregnancy
by thickening a woman’s cervical mucus. The mucus blocks sperm and keeps it from joining
with an egg. The hormone also thins the lining of the uterus. In theory, this could prevent
pregnancy by keeping a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus.
Slide 73 – Vaginal Ring
The vaginal ring is a small, flexible ring a woman inserts into her vagina once a month to prevent
pregnancy. It is left in place for three weeks and taken out for the remaining week each month.
The vaginal ring is commonly called NuvaRing, its brand name. Like other methods of birth
control, NuvaRing releases hormones. The hormones in NuvaRing are the same hormones as in
the birth control pill — estrogen and progestin.
The hormones work by keeping a woman’s ovaries from releasing eggs — ovulation. Pregnancy
cannot happen if there is no egg to join with sperm. The hormones in NuvaRing also prevent
pregnancy by thickening a woman’s cervical mucus. The mucus blocks sperm and keeps it from
joining with an egg. The hormones also thin the lining of the uterus. In theory, this could prevent
pregnancy by keeping a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus.
Slide 74 – Implanon
Implanon is a thin, flexible plastic implant about the size of a cardboard matchstick. It is inserted
under the skin of the upper arm. It protects against pregnancy for up to three years.
Like several other methods of birth control, such as the birth control shot, Implanon releases a
hormone — progestin. The progestin in Implanon works by keeping a woman’s ovaries from
releasing eggs — ovulation. Pregnancy cannot happen if there is no egg to join with sperm. The
hormone in the implant also prevents pregnancy by thickening a woman’s cervical mucus. The
mucus blocks sperm and keeps it from joining with an egg. The hormone also thins the lining of
the uterus. In theory, this could prevent pregnancy by keeping a fertilized egg from attaching to
the uterus.
Slide 75 – Prevention of Embryo Implantation
The final category of birth control we will cover is the prevention of embryo implantation. Birth
control methods in this category affect the uterus, so that is an egg is fertilizaed, it can not easily
implant into the uterus.
Slide 76 – IUD
The letters IUD stand for “intrauterine device.” IUDs are small, “T–shaped” devices made of
flexible plastic. A health care provider inserts an IUD into a woman’s uterus to prevent
pregnancy.
There are several brands of IUD available in the United States including ParaGard, Mirena,
Skyla, Kyleena, and Liletta. These IUDs are divided into 2 types: copper IUDs (ParaGard) and
hormonal IUDs (Mirena, Kyleena, Liletta, and Skyla). The ParaGard IUD doesn’t have
hormones. It’s wrapped in a tiny bit of copper, and it protects you from pregnancy for up to 12
years. The Mirena, Kyleena, Liletta, and Skyla IUDs use the hormone progestin to prevent
pregnancy. Progestin is very similar to the hormone progesterone that our bodies make naturally.
Mirena, Kyleena, and Liletta work for up to 5 years, while Skyla works for up to 3 years.
happen if there is no egg to join with sperm. The progestin in the shot also prevents pregnancy
by thickening a woman’s cervical mucus. The mucus blocks sperm and keeps it from joining
with an egg. The hormone also thins the lining of the uterus. In theory, this could prevent
pregnancy by keeping a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus.
Slide 73 – Vaginal Ring
The vaginal ring is a small, flexible ring a woman inserts into her vagina once a month to prevent
pregnancy. It is left in place for three weeks and taken out for the remaining week each month.
The vaginal ring is commonly called NuvaRing, its brand name. Like other methods of birth
control, NuvaRing releases hormones. The hormones in NuvaRing are the same hormones as in
the birth control pill — estrogen and progestin.
The hormones work by keeping a woman’s ovaries from releasing eggs — ovulation. Pregnancy
cannot happen if there is no egg to join with sperm. The hormones in NuvaRing also prevent
pregnancy by thickening a woman’s cervical mucus. The mucus blocks sperm and keeps it from
joining with an egg. The hormones also thin the lining of the uterus. In theory, this could prevent
pregnancy by keeping a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus.
Slide 74 – Implanon
Implanon is a thin, flexible plastic implant about the size of a cardboard matchstick. It is inserted
under the skin of the upper arm. It protects against pregnancy for up to three years.
Like several other methods of birth control, such as the birth control shot, Implanon releases a
hormone — progestin. The progestin in Implanon works by keeping a woman’s ovaries from
releasing eggs — ovulation. Pregnancy cannot happen if there is no egg to join with sperm. The
hormone in the implant also prevents pregnancy by thickening a woman’s cervical mucus. The
mucus blocks sperm and keeps it from joining with an egg. The hormone also thins the lining of
the uterus. In theory, this could prevent pregnancy by keeping a fertilized egg from attaching to
the uterus.
Slide 75 – Prevention of Embryo Implantation
The final category of birth control we will cover is the prevention of embryo implantation. Birth
control methods in this category affect the uterus, so that is an egg is fertilizaed, it can not easily
implant into the uterus.
Slide 76 – IUD
The letters IUD stand for “intrauterine device.” IUDs are small, “T–shaped” devices made of
flexible plastic. A health care provider inserts an IUD into a woman’s uterus to prevent
pregnancy.
There are several brands of IUD available in the United States including ParaGard, Mirena,
Skyla, Kyleena, and Liletta. These IUDs are divided into 2 types: copper IUDs (ParaGard) and
hormonal IUDs (Mirena, Kyleena, Liletta, and Skyla). The ParaGard IUD doesn’t have
hormones. It’s wrapped in a tiny bit of copper, and it protects you from pregnancy for up to 12
years. The Mirena, Kyleena, Liletta, and Skyla IUDs use the hormone progestin to prevent
pregnancy. Progestin is very similar to the hormone progesterone that our bodies make naturally.
Mirena, Kyleena, and Liletta work for up to 5 years, while Skyla works for up to 3 years.
Reproductive System
IUDs affect the way sperm move, preventing them from joining with an egg. If sperm cannot
join with an egg, pregnancy cannot happen. IUDs also alter the lining of the uterus. This may
keep a fertilized egg from attaching to the lining of the uterus. The progestin in the Mirena,
Kyleena, Liletta, and Skyla IUDs also helps prevent pregnancy. Progestin works by keeping a
woman’s ovaries from ovulating.
Slide 77 – Other Methods
There are other methods of birth control that do fit into the categories discussed earlier in this
lecture. These methods include: fertility awareness based methods, lactational amenorrhea
method, and withdrawal method. Each of this will be discussed in detail.
Slide 78 – Emergency Contraception
Emergency contraception is a safe and effective way to prevent pregnancy after unprotected
intercourse or birth control failure. It is most effective when used within 72 hours after
unprotected intercourse.
Emergency contraception works by:
• Preventing ovulation
• Inhibiting the movement of sperm
• Altering the endometrium of the uterine lining
Emergency contraception can be used if:
• The condom broke or slipped off and ejaculation occurred within the vagina.
• You forgot to take your regular birth control method (birth control pills, contraceptive
vaginal ring, or contraceptive patch).
• Your diaphragm or cap slipped out of place and ejaculation occurred within the vagina.
• You miscalculated your “safe” days.
• He didn’t pull out in time.
• You weren’t using any birth control.
• You were forced to have unprotected vaginal sex.
Emergency contraception is also known as the morning–after pill, emergency birth control,
backup birth control, and by the brand names Plan B One–Step, ella, and Next Choice.
Many people call emergency contraception the “morning–after pill.” But that name is a little
confusing. You can use emergency contraception up to 72 hour after unprotected intercourse —
not just the “morning after.”
Slide 79 – Immunocontraception
Immunocontraception is a way of making the body attack gametes through an immune response.
Although not used much in humans, immunocontraception has been used in some animals.
For example, the habitat of the koala in Australia has been severely depleted. Kolas are in
danger of overpopulation. Some female koalas are injected in the arm with the coating of a pig
egg. The pig egg and koala egg are similar and because the coating in not where is should be,
the female koala develops an immune response to this coating. When her reproductive system
produces an egg, her body’s immune system attacks and destroys the egg. She cannot become
pregnant.
IUDs affect the way sperm move, preventing them from joining with an egg. If sperm cannot
join with an egg, pregnancy cannot happen. IUDs also alter the lining of the uterus. This may
keep a fertilized egg from attaching to the lining of the uterus. The progestin in the Mirena,
Kyleena, Liletta, and Skyla IUDs also helps prevent pregnancy. Progestin works by keeping a
woman’s ovaries from ovulating.
Slide 77 – Other Methods
There are other methods of birth control that do fit into the categories discussed earlier in this
lecture. These methods include: fertility awareness based methods, lactational amenorrhea
method, and withdrawal method. Each of this will be discussed in detail.
Slide 78 – Emergency Contraception
Emergency contraception is a safe and effective way to prevent pregnancy after unprotected
intercourse or birth control failure. It is most effective when used within 72 hours after
unprotected intercourse.
Emergency contraception works by:
• Preventing ovulation
• Inhibiting the movement of sperm
• Altering the endometrium of the uterine lining
Emergency contraception can be used if:
• The condom broke or slipped off and ejaculation occurred within the vagina.
• You forgot to take your regular birth control method (birth control pills, contraceptive
vaginal ring, or contraceptive patch).
• Your diaphragm or cap slipped out of place and ejaculation occurred within the vagina.
• You miscalculated your “safe” days.
• He didn’t pull out in time.
• You weren’t using any birth control.
• You were forced to have unprotected vaginal sex.
Emergency contraception is also known as the morning–after pill, emergency birth control,
backup birth control, and by the brand names Plan B One–Step, ella, and Next Choice.
Many people call emergency contraception the “morning–after pill.” But that name is a little
confusing. You can use emergency contraception up to 72 hour after unprotected intercourse —
not just the “morning after.”
Slide 79 – Immunocontraception
Immunocontraception is a way of making the body attack gametes through an immune response.
Although not used much in humans, immunocontraception has been used in some animals.
For example, the habitat of the koala in Australia has been severely depleted. Kolas are in
danger of overpopulation. Some female koalas are injected in the arm with the coating of a pig
egg. The pig egg and koala egg are similar and because the coating in not where is should be,
the female koala develops an immune response to this coating. When her reproductive system
produces an egg, her body’s immune system attacks and destroys the egg. She cannot become
pregnant.
Reproductive System
Slide 80 – Birth Control Research
There are many forms of birth control that are in the research or clinical trial phase. Some these
include a reversible vasectomy in which an injection of a polymer gel called Vasalgel is injected
into the vas deferens. The Vasalgel can later by dissolved and it is believed that fertility returns
within a few months.
Another research branch of birth control is preventing sperm activation. This is based on the idea the
calcium is needed by the sperm to release enzymes necessary to penetrate the egg membrane. A drug that
blocks these calcium channels would prevent sperm from fertilizing an egg. Research is also being
conducted on preventing sperm binding to the egg prior to fertilization. A drug that blocks the receptors
that allow this binding would prevent fertilization.
Finally, the immune system is being testing as a means to prevent fertilization. HCG is the
hormone produced that signals the corpus luteum to continue to release progesterone. An anti–
HGC vaccine would induces formation of anti–HCG antibodies by a woman blocking this hormone and
preventing pregnancy. The effects are reversible and normal fertility is restored. This vaccine has no
effect on the menstrual cycle. The anti–HCG vaccine is currently undergoing clinical trials in several
countries, no adverse effects have been noted, but the vaccine is not yet available on the market.
Slide 81 – Efficacy
The table on this slide shows how effective each type of birth control is. There are two types of
data listed:
1) the number of pregnancy when the birth control method is used correctly; and
2) the number of pregnancies that typically occur when using a specific type of birth control
As you can tell, human error, plays a large role in the effectiveness of some, but not all methods
of birth control. Surgical methods are the most effective, while rhythm or Fertility awareness
based methods have the highest typical failure rate.
If you would like more information about birth control methods, including the risks, benefits,
and costs of each of the methods discussed in this lecture, please vist
www.plannedparenthood.org
Slide 82 – Check Your Understanding
Now that we have learned about contraception, let’s check your knowledge of the subject. The
following slides will have a series of questions on the topic. Be sure to click “Submit” after
answering each question.
Slides 83 through 88 – Birth Control and Emergency Contraception Interactive Quiz
A non–graded assessment of your knowledge of contraception.
Slide 89 – Summary
This slide is a summary of all of the “Check Your Understanding” questions from this lecture.
Be sure to review the questions you answered incorrectly.
Slide 90 – Infertility
Although some people may be trying to avoid pregnancy, others may be trying to get pregnant.
Some couples have problems getting pregnant, and this is called infertility. Female infertility is
often caused by hormone imbalances or disease. Male infertility is often caused by low sperm
count or poor sperm motility.
Slide 80 – Birth Control Research
There are many forms of birth control that are in the research or clinical trial phase. Some these
include a reversible vasectomy in which an injection of a polymer gel called Vasalgel is injected
into the vas deferens. The Vasalgel can later by dissolved and it is believed that fertility returns
within a few months.
Another research branch of birth control is preventing sperm activation. This is based on the idea the
calcium is needed by the sperm to release enzymes necessary to penetrate the egg membrane. A drug that
blocks these calcium channels would prevent sperm from fertilizing an egg. Research is also being
conducted on preventing sperm binding to the egg prior to fertilization. A drug that blocks the receptors
that allow this binding would prevent fertilization.
Finally, the immune system is being testing as a means to prevent fertilization. HCG is the
hormone produced that signals the corpus luteum to continue to release progesterone. An anti–
HGC vaccine would induces formation of anti–HCG antibodies by a woman blocking this hormone and
preventing pregnancy. The effects are reversible and normal fertility is restored. This vaccine has no
effect on the menstrual cycle. The anti–HCG vaccine is currently undergoing clinical trials in several
countries, no adverse effects have been noted, but the vaccine is not yet available on the market.
Slide 81 – Efficacy
The table on this slide shows how effective each type of birth control is. There are two types of
data listed:
1) the number of pregnancy when the birth control method is used correctly; and
2) the number of pregnancies that typically occur when using a specific type of birth control
As you can tell, human error, plays a large role in the effectiveness of some, but not all methods
of birth control. Surgical methods are the most effective, while rhythm or Fertility awareness
based methods have the highest typical failure rate.
If you would like more information about birth control methods, including the risks, benefits,
and costs of each of the methods discussed in this lecture, please vist
www.plannedparenthood.org
Slide 82 – Check Your Understanding
Now that we have learned about contraception, let’s check your knowledge of the subject. The
following slides will have a series of questions on the topic. Be sure to click “Submit” after
answering each question.
Slides 83 through 88 – Birth Control and Emergency Contraception Interactive Quiz
A non–graded assessment of your knowledge of contraception.
Slide 89 – Summary
This slide is a summary of all of the “Check Your Understanding” questions from this lecture.
Be sure to review the questions you answered incorrectly.
Slide 90 – Infertility
Although some people may be trying to avoid pregnancy, others may be trying to get pregnant.
Some couples have problems getting pregnant, and this is called infertility. Female infertility is
often caused by hormone imbalances or disease. Male infertility is often caused by low sperm
count or poor sperm motility.
Reproductive System
Slide 91 – Increasing fertility
There are various ways to help couples suffering from infertility. In in vitro fertilization, also
known as IVF, the sperm and egg are joined outside of the body and the embryo is placed in the
uterus.
In gamete intrafallopian transfer, also known as GIFT, sperm and egg are placed in the fallopian
tube for fertilization to occur.
In artificial insemination, sperm from a donor is placed in the vagina. Other fertility treatments
also exist.
Slide 92 – Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by infections that are passed from one person to
another during sexual contact. These infections often do not cause any symptoms. Medically,
infections are only called diseases when they cause symptoms. That is why STDs are also called
“sexually transmitted infections.” But it’s very common for people to use the terms “sexually
transmitted diseases” or “STDs,” even when there are no signs of disease. There are many kinds
of sexually transmitted diseases and infections. And they are very common — more than half of
all of sexually active people will get one at some time in our lives. Because many STDs do not
have symptoms, if left untreated, STDs can lead to infertility. In order to avoid sexually
transmitted diseases, safer sex practices should be used. Using condoms makes vaginal, oral, and
anal intercourse safer sex.
Slide 91 – Increasing fertility
There are various ways to help couples suffering from infertility. In in vitro fertilization, also
known as IVF, the sperm and egg are joined outside of the body and the embryo is placed in the
uterus.
In gamete intrafallopian transfer, also known as GIFT, sperm and egg are placed in the fallopian
tube for fertilization to occur.
In artificial insemination, sperm from a donor is placed in the vagina. Other fertility treatments
also exist.
Slide 92 – Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by infections that are passed from one person to
another during sexual contact. These infections often do not cause any symptoms. Medically,
infections are only called diseases when they cause symptoms. That is why STDs are also called
“sexually transmitted infections.” But it’s very common for people to use the terms “sexually
transmitted diseases” or “STDs,” even when there are no signs of disease. There are many kinds
of sexually transmitted diseases and infections. And they are very common — more than half of
all of sexually active people will get one at some time in our lives. Because many STDs do not
have symptoms, if left untreated, STDs can lead to infertility. In order to avoid sexually
transmitted diseases, safer sex practices should be used. Using condoms makes vaginal, oral, and
anal intercourse safer sex.
Reproductive System
Slide 93 – Categories of STDs
There are three categories of STDs. They are bacterial, viral, and parasitic. Examples of
bacterial STDs include Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Some examples of viral STDs are
Herpes, HIV, Genital Warts, and Hepatitis. Pubic lice or crabs are an example of a parasitic
STD. [In the following slides, we will discuss specific each of these STDs in detail.] delete from
audio
Slide 94 – Review
This brings us to the end of unit 3. In this unit we have explored homeostasis and the
circulatory, immune, and reproductive systems of humans.
Slide 93 – Categories of STDs
There are three categories of STDs. They are bacterial, viral, and parasitic. Examples of
bacterial STDs include Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Some examples of viral STDs are
Herpes, HIV, Genital Warts, and Hepatitis. Pubic lice or crabs are an example of a parasitic
STD. [In the following slides, we will discuss specific each of these STDs in detail.] delete from
audio
Slide 94 – Review
This brings us to the end of unit 3. In this unit we have explored homeostasis and the
circulatory, immune, and reproductive systems of humans.
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