Final Exam

 

Question 1   A _____ test is one that has been set up with common steps to be followed whenever it is administered.          

1. valid 
2. reliable
3. standardized
4. projective
              

Question 2   A classification system such as the DSM-5 is judged by its reliability and validity. Define and discuss both reliability and validity, and explain why they are important criteria for DSM-5.            

            
Question 3    A client complains of a phobia. Two lines of questioning by the clinician concern the specific object of the phobia (first line) and what the person does when confronted with that object (second line). This clinician’s orientation is MOST likely:      

1. biological.
2. cognitive-behavioral.
3. humanistic.
4. sociocultural.
              

Question 4  To qualify for a DSM-5 diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, the excessive or ongoing anxiety or worry must last for at least:          

1. 6 weeks.
2. 3 months.
3. 3 weeks.
4. 6 months.
              

Question 5  One reason to question the validity of clinical interviews is that:            

1. people respond differently to different interviewers. 
2. people may respond differently to clinicians who are not of their race.
3. on different days, people might describe themselves differently. 
4. interviewers may make mistakes in how they interpret the information they gather.

 

Question 6  A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm?    

1.   Sociocultural 
2. Biocultural
3. Psychocultural
4. Cognitive-cultural
               

Question 7   Compared with the original DSM, which was published in 1952, DSM-5 has:            

1. more than five times as many diagnostic categories.
2. approximately twice as many diagnostic categories.
3. slightly more diagnostic categories.
4. slightly fewer diagnostic categories.          

 

Question 8    Which statement about clinical interviews is TRUE?      

1. Research shows that most clients speak objectively about their own behavior.
2. Clinicians’ biases can influence how they interpret the information obtained from clinical interviews.
3. Clinicians agree that the clinical interview is the most useful clinical assessment tool. 
4. Clients share more details with clinicians who are viewed as cool and distant.
               

Question 9   An individual has a 9-to-5 job. However, this person seldom gets up early enough to be at work on time and expresses great distress over this behavior. This individual’s behavior would be considered abnormal because it is:          

1. disturbed.
2. deviant.
3. dysfunctional.
4. dangerous.           

 

Question 10   After medical school, a psychiatrist receives three to four years of training in the treatment of abnormal mental functioning; this training is called a(n):        

1. residency 
2. internship
3. practicum
4. community mental health tour.

 

Question 11      Fully describe the two concepts from this course that you will remember best and why.            

            
Question 12  Which of these describes a compulsion?            

1. a thought, idea, impulse, or image that seems to invade a person’s consciousness
2. a strong fear that influences anxiety
3. a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that people feel they must perform
4. a thought that a person cannot get out of his or her head

 

Question 13    For those who hold the somatogenic view of mental illness, the best treatment setting for those with mental disorders would be a:         

1. community center.
2. spa and retreat center.
3. counselor’s office.
4. hospital.

 

Question 14  A clinical psychologist says that she selects the best treatment for a client based on the current recommendations outlined in research studies. This clinical psychologist believes in using:            

1. intuitively based treatment.
2. culture-constrained treatment.
3. evidence-based treatment.
4. meta-analytical treatment.

 

Question 15  A child in public school is grouped with other low-IQ children like her. She and her classmates have a specially designed program that is different from that of the other children in the school. This is MOST likely an example of:        

1. mainstreaming.
2. special education.
3. deinstitutionalization.
4. a normalization program.

 

Question 16  A therapist is treating a person with borderline personality disorder. Which treatment would you recommend to the therapist, based on current research?  

1. rational-emotive behavioral therapy
2. psychodynamic therapy
3. social modeling therapy
4. dialectical behavior therapy

 

Question 17   What kind of inventory asks about how one would act with others in a variety of situations?            

1.  a cognitive inventory
2. a social skills inventory
3. a functional inventory
4. an affective inventory

 

Question 18    Which model of abnormality rests on the deterministic assumption that no symptom or behavior is “accidental” and that all behavior is determined by past experiences?            

1.  psychodynamic model
2. cognitive model
3. sociocultural model
4. feminist model

 

Question 19  The primary role of an institutional review board (IRB) is to:          

1.    provide a peer review of the study findings.
2. protect the rights and safety of study participants.
3. regulate the use of placebos. 
4. allocate funding for research studies.

 

Question 20  Child abuse is the nonaccidental use of excessive physical or psychological force against a child by:            

1.  an adult.
2. a classmate.
3. an authority figure.
4. someone older than the child.

 

Question 21  Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior?    

1.   psychodynamic
2. sociocultural
3. cognitive-behavioral
4. humanistic-existential

 

 Question 22  Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology?        

1. Equifinality
2. Eclectic integration
3. Multifinality
4. Timing

 

Question 23  Which person would NOT be considered abnormal, despite the fact that the person’s behavior is dysfunctional?            

1.  someone who is too confused to drive safely
2. someone who parties so much that he or she cannot go to class 
3. someone who goes on a hunger strike to protest social injustice
4. someone who cannot stay alone for even one night

 

Question 24  You know, it really doesn’t matter: One kind of psychotherapy is generally just about as good as any other. Someone who agrees with this statement is:      

1. making an accurate statement about what we know about psychotherapy.
2. falling victim to the uniformity myth.
3. accurately reflecting the findings of most meta-analyses.
4. failing to notice therapeutic rapprochement.

            
Question 25   Which individual would be MOST likely to be classified as exhibiting dysfunctional behavior?            
    Answers:    a person who experiences grief immediately after losing her job and then her house
    a person who is nervous about shopping alone for weeks after being attacked by a mugger
    a person who always washes his hands immediately after returning home from grocery shopping
    a person who engages in multiple checking rituals each day and consequently is unable to hold down a job
            
Question 26   A child with autism spectrum disorder points to a picture of a fork on a board rather than saying, “I want food.” This child is using a(n):    

1. self-communication device. 
2. token economy system.
3. augmentative communication system. 
4. Integrative motor system.

 

Question 27   A _____ study may be used to determine how and when patients can be taken off particular medications.        

1.   symptom-exacerbation
2. masked
3. medication-withdrawal
4. placebo

 

Question 28   A sixty-seven-year-old woman has just started using social media and messaging apps to keep up with friends and family. When compared with others her age, her behaviors are:    

1.  very uncommon because elderly individuals rarely understand how to use the Internet.
2. very uncommon because elderly individuals know how to use the Internet, but don’t actually use it. 
3. less common because many elderly individuals once used the Internet, but their usage has decreased.
4. increasingly common because the number of elderly individuals using the Internet has increased dramatically in recent years.

 

Question 29  What kind of inventory asks about one’s level of anxiety, depression, or anger?            

1.  a cognitive inventory
2. a social skills inventory
3. a functional inventory
4. an affective inventory

 

Question 30   Which statement BEST describes the effect of technology on mental health?            

1.  There is widespread consensus that technology causes deviant and dysfunctional behavior. 
2. Technology has eroded society’s sense of community and people’s desire to engage with others. 
3. There is no research-based evidence to support any connect between technology and mental health. 
4. Technology provides new triggers for abnormal behaviors.

 

Question 31  People with _____ personality disorder display a range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities.    

1.  antisocial
2. avoidant
3. schizotypal
4. schizoid

 

 Question 32  A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist.            

1.  existential
2. humanistic
3. sociocultural 
4. behavior-focused

 

Question 33  How can therapists use correlational research findings in their practice?            

1.  Therapists can eliminate nonrelated conditions from the patient’s assessment.
2.     Therapists can determine which related conditions are likely and assess for early signs of their presence.
3.   Therapists can statistically determine which patients will benefit from specific treatments.
4.     Therapists can employ preemptive therapy to prevent related conditions from developing.

 

Question 34 Benjamin, age 71, takes two over-the-counter medications and five prescription medications. Is this number of medication usual for a person Benjamin’s age?

1. Somewhat. The average elderly individual takes only one or two medications.
2. No. The average elderly individual takes double this amount of medications.
3. Yes. The average elderly individual takes about this amount of medications.
4.  Somewhat. The average elderly individual takes a few more medications.

 

Question 35  Which of the following is the phobia MOST often associated with panic disorder?        

1.  claustrophobia
2. acrophobia
3. agoraphobia
4. metrophobia

 

Question 36 Behavior-focused therapists base their explanations and treatment of mental abnormality on principles of:          

1. relationships.
2. ego development.
3. dream analysis.
4. learning.

 

Question 37 Which question does the use of statistical analyses in research help answer?          

1.  Where does bias exist?
2. How likely is it that the study’s findings occurred by chance?
3.   How many people will be directly affected by the study results?
4. Which inclusion criteria should be applied when selecting participants?

 

Question 38  Research evaluating sociocultural approaches to dealing with Alzheimer’s disease—for example, assisted-living facilities and day-care facilities—shows that, in general, patients receiving these forms of care:            

1. enjoy life more and don’t continue to decline as quickly.
2. enjoy life more but continue to decline as quickly.
3. don’t enjoy life more but don’t continue to decline as quickly.
4. don’t enjoy life more and continue to decline as quickly.

 

Question 39  A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is:            

1. rationalization.
2. denial.
3. regression.
4. projection.

 

Question 40  Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research?          

1.   It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness.
2. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. 
3. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment.
4. This model requires the therapist to predict abnormal behavior in individuals.

 

Question 41  A person is experiencing difficulty with long-term memory. In what area of the brain is a problem likely?    

1.  prefrontal lobes
2. temporal lobes
3. parietal lobes
4. occipital lobes

 

Question 42  The approach to therapy for mental illness in which a person pays a psychotherapist for services is called:          

1. sociological therapy.
2. the medical approach.
3. private psychotherapy.
4. the community mental health approach.

 

Question 43  Étienne attempts suicide and has a psychological disorder. The disorder is most likely a(n):          

1. eating disorder.
2. dissociative disorder.
3. mood disorder.
4. attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

 

Question 44  Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because:    

1. they are not deviant.
2. they freely choose and enjoy their behavior.
3. they are dangerous only to others, not to themselves.
4. while they are distressed by their behavior, others are not.

 

Question 45  Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. Since you don’t have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didn’t study for the midterm. After you perform poorly on the exam, you blame your professor. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is:        

1. projection.
2. rationalization.
3. intellectualization.
4. displacement.

 

Question 46 Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively?  

1. distress
2. deviance
3. dysfunction
4. danger to self or others

 

Question 47  “Why do we do natural experiments?” asks a student. “After all, each disaster that causes a natural experiment is unique.” A good answer would be:      

1. They are an inexpensive ways to gather detailed individualized data on disaster survivors.
2. They provide the least amount of experimenter’s bias when studying the effects of disasters.
3. The sheer volume has allowed researchers to identify patterns of reactions in those persons involved in disasters.
4. The findings to date have been instrumental in helping prevent casualties from natural disasters.

 

Question 48 Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were:            

1.  instincts, the ego, and the self.
2.     biological forces, culture, and learning.
3.     consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts.
4.     instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards.

 

Question  49  Which challenges might clinical scientists conducting research in abnormal psychology encounter? Briefly describe two challenges. Support your answers with examples of each.            

           
Question 50  Which is an aspect of the experimental approach?          

1.  use of confounding variables
2.     observation of people over a period of time
3.     a detailed interpretive description of a subject
4.     the manipulation of a variable by the researcher

 

Question 51  If a child is profoundly intellectually disabled, his or her IQ score is likely below:            

1.  43.
2.     20.
3.     49.
4.     35.

 

Question 52  A society’s _____ is(are) comprised of that society’s history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts.          

1. laws
2. norms
3.   culture
4.   conventions

 

Question 53  The objective of the Human Genome Project was to:            

1. clone a mammal.
2. map, or sequence, genes.
3. insert RNA into genes.
4. create an “ideal” set of genes.

 

Question 54   A therapist is treating an individual with schizophrenia; the therapist focuses on teaching the person appropriate responses to others’ social cues. This therapist is MOST likely a(n):        

1. existential therapist.
2. psychodynamic therapist.
3. cognitive-behavioral therapist.
4. sociocultural therapist.

 

Question 55  A psychiatrist says, “I’m a strong believer in a combined approach to therapy. In fact, I frequently participate in combined approaches, although I don’t practice psychotherapy.” Based on this statement, this psychiatrist’s specialty is MOST likely:            

1. eclecticism.
2.     psychopharmacology.
3.   rapprochement.
4.   cognitive-behavioral.

 

Question 56   The belief that the concept of mental illness is actually invalid was advocated by:  

1.    Carl Rogers.
2. Jerome Frank.
3. Thomas Szasz.
4. Dick Gregory.

 

Question 57  An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that impairs the sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy is known as a:           

1.   character flaw.
2.  character disorder.
3. personality disorder.
4. schizoaffective disorder.

 

Question 58  The MOST common of the identified chromosomal causes of Down syndrome is:            

1. trisomy 21.
2. mosaicism.
3. translocation.
4. phenylketonuria (PKU).           

 

Question 59    The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of:          

1.   ego theory.
2.   self theory.
3. psychoanalytic theory.
4. object relations theory.

 

Question 60   Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, “I can’t do this! I’m going to mess up and then it won’t be a perfect run!” Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete’s illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance?          

1.   Psychodynamic
2.   Behavioral-focused
3. Existential
4. Cognition-focused

 

Question 61  A major limitation of treating generalized anxiety disorder with antipsychotic medication is that these medications:            

1.  do not alter the activity of dopamine.
2.   simply are not effective.
3. increase panic attacks.
4. can produce serious side effects.

 

Question 62  Commonly accepted features of abnormality include deviance, distress, dysfunction, and:      

1. danger.
2. damage.
3. delusions.
4. deference.

 

Question 63   “Let’s just do away with diagnoses,” says a clinician. “All we do is make things worse.” That clinician’s viewpoint is:          

1.  shared by a strong majority of those working in the area of abnormality.
2. shared by almost no one working in the area of abnormality.
3. shared by some of those working in the area of abnormality.
4. represented in DSM-5, which does not require a specific diagnosis.

 

Question 64   A clinician administers a test to a group of participants who are typical of a larger population and records their scores. The clinician plans to measure future test results of the larger population against those scores. The clinician is:      

1.   conducting assessment.
2. creating predictive validity.
3. checking test–retest reliability.
4. developing the norms.

 

Question 65  Three-year-old Jessica watches a car repair show on television and then goes into her playroom to “fix a car.” This is an example of:    

1. operant conditioning.
2. modeling.
3. classical conditioning.
4. transference learning.

 

Question 66  Morgan hears voices that others do not but she is not distressed by them. This illustrates that:            

1.  distress must always be used to determine abnormality.
2. behavior that is not really dangerous can never be considered abnormal.
3. distress does not have to be present for a person’s behavior to be considered abnormal.
4. behavior that is not distressful is not abnormal.

 

Question 67  A person asks, “What’s the MOST effective treatment for social anxiety disorder?” What is the BEST research-based answer?            
    Answers:    Antidepressant medication eliminates symptoms faster than, and for at least as long as, the best psychotherapy.
    Antianxiety medication eliminates symptoms faster than the best psychotherapy.
    The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast, but not as long, as the best drug therapy.
    The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast as, and longer than, the best drug therapy.

            
Question 68   Which statement distinguishes a quasi-experimental study from a “pure experiment”?            

1.  The quasi-experiment does not use a control group.
2. The quasi-experiment uses multiple groups for comparison.
3. The quasi-experiment does not use any experimental control.
4. The quasi-experiment does not allow for manipulation of the independent variable.           

 

Question 69  With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT:    

1.   resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues.
2. support the ideas of positive psychology.
3. emphasize health.
4. lend itself easily to research.

 

 Question 70  Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior?      

1. humanistic-existential
2. biological
3. psychodynamic
4. sociocultural

 

Question 71 Lacie has recently been diagnosed with an “odd” personality disorder. It is likely that Lacie also qualifies for an additional diagnosis of:            

1. schizophrenia.
2. depression.
3. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
4. mental retardation.

 

Question 72   Christopher was diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder. He tells his therapist that he has trouble figuring out how others feel, and that as a child he had problems with learning language. These findings would make the MOST sense to a theorist with which background?        

1. a psychodynamic background
2. a sociocultural background
3. a cognitive-behavioral background
4. a biological background

 

Question 73  A procedure that DSM-5 developers relied on to improve validity was:        

1. conducting field trials for existing criteria and categories.
2. conducting extensive research reviews.
3. consulting with insurance providers.
4. decreasing the number of diagnostic categories and criteria.

 

Question 74 According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced:          

1.  repression.
2. transference.
3. resistance.
4. catharsis.

 

Question 75  What diagnosis would be given for people who display general intellectual functioning that is well below average, in combination with poor adaptive behavior?  

1. intellectual disability
2. ADHD
3. autism spectrum disorder
4. learning disability

 

Question 76  A therapist’s preferred method of assessing abnormal behavior is to watch clients in their everyday environments and record their activities and behaviors. This approach is known as:      

1. self-monitoring.
2. battery observation.
3. analog observation.
4. naturalistic observation.

 

Question 77  In a scientific experiment, the variable that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter is called the:            

1. confounding variable.
2. alternative variable.
3. dependent variable.
4. independent variable.

 

Question 78  Despite the fact that the use of diagnostic labels for psychological disorders is extremely common, what are some ethical factors one ought to consider in the use of those labels?       

           
Question 79  The reliability concerns for DSM-5 MOST likely arise because of its:        

1. inability to predict the outcome of disorders more accurately.
2. exclusion of minority populations.
3. greater reliance on labeling mental disorders.
4. lack of adequate field trials of new criteria and categories.

 

Question 80  A primary focus of the community mental health treatment approach to abnormality is:            

1. using drug therapy along with psychotherapy.
2. prevention.
3. homeostasis.
4. rejecting all conventional forms of explaining abnormality.

 

Question 81 If you do things during your life that promote physical and psychological well-being, you are engaging in a _____ approach to aging.      

1.   preventive
2. medical
3. conditional
4. health-maintenance

 

Question 82   A child is awakened during the night, uses the toilet, and receives a sticker and praise from a parent. Later in the week, accumulated stickers may be turned in for a highly desired toy. This child is undergoing:        

1. dry-bed training for enuresis.
2. dry-bed training for encopresis.
3.   bell-and-battery therapy for enuresis.
4. bell-and-battery therapy for encopresis.

 

Question 83  Compare and contrast the origins of abnormality according to the sociocultural, psychodynamic, and humanistic-existential models.            

Question 84   The general score derived from intelligence tests is termed a(n) intelligence:            

1.  drift.
2. quotient.
3. correlation.
4. probability.

 

Question 85  Which statement BEST reflects the current care for people with less severe disturbances?          

1. Many are treated by generalists who specialize in a number of different types of disorders.
2. Private insurance companies are likely to cover outpatient treatment.
3. It is difficult to find treatment for someone experiencing a “problem in living.”
4. Private psychotherapy is available only to the wealthy.