Quiz 4

1.  Kristi works in a day-care center. She notices that Pablo, a 4-year-old boy, often indulges in private speech when doing any activity on his own. She has heard him talking to himself when solving puzzles. Kristi believes in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development in children. After seeing Pablo’s behavior, Kristi is likely to assume that Pablo’s usage of private speech is            

1. egocentric.
2. an important tool of thought.
3. a means of guiding one’s behavior.
4. mature.

2.  Barbara monitors her children’s emotions. Her daughter is upset because she got reprimanded by her teacher. Barbara initially ignores her daughter’s lamentations but then decides to try to change her daughter’s emotions by saying that everyone gets reprimanded and that it is not a big deal. Barbara’s approach of talking to her daughter about her negative emotions indicates that Barbara is a(n) _____.            

1. emotion-dismissing parent
2. authoritarian parent
3. indulgent parent
4. emotion-coaching parent

3.   From about _____ years of age, children display heteronomous morality.            

1. 2 to 4  
2. 10 to 12
3. 4 to 7
4. 1 to 3

4.  Josh’s mother makes his favorite food—burgers, fries, and pizza—every night for dinner. His mother lets Josh play as much as he wants to and study only when he feels like it and imposes no fixed bedtime. Josh’s mom is most likely a(n)            

1. authoritative parent.
2. indulgent parent.
3. neglectful parent.
4. authoritarian parent.

5.   _____ involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 5.            

1. Myelination
2. Neurogenesis
3. Centration
4. Tropism

6.  The ability of preschool children to control and sustain their attention is related to    

1. Increased short-term memory capacity. 
2. school readiness and focus.  
3. an increase in implicit memory. 
4. the decreased likelihood of obesity.

7.  Which of the following fuels gender typing?            

1.  gender bias 
2. gender mismatch 
3. gender identity 
4. gender schema

8.   According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017), which of the following was the most common cause of accidental death in young children in 2015 in the United States?            

1. suffocation
2. deformations
3. homicide
4. drowning

9.   Dante is a 10-year-old boy who likes to play soccer during recess. One day, a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game. Dante accepts the rules and now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development?            

1. basic morality
2. autonomous morality
3. extended morality
4. heteronomous morality

10  Which parenting style is demanding and controlling while also being accepting and responsive?    

1. neglectful parenting
2. authoritative parenting
3. authoritarian parenting
4. indulgent parenting

11.  The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud’s view that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. Which of the following describes this condition in girls?            

1. the Electra complex
2. the Golem effect
3. the Oedipus complex
4. the Galatea effect

12.  According to McClelland and others (2017) and Schmitt and others (2017), _____ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.  

1. executive
2. salient
3. relevant
4. sustained

13.  From a young age, Karen has always been praised by her parents for her feminine behavior. Her parents reward her behavior by saying such statements as “Karen, you look very pretty in your frock.” Her brother, on the other hand, is reprimanded for playing with Karen’s dolls. In the context of social influences on gender development, this scenario is in accordance with the _____ of gender.      

1.    social role theory
2. psychoanalytic theory
3. social cognitive theory
4. gender schema theory

14.  According to Benson and Sabbagh (2017), _____ describes several operations, such as inhibition and planning, that are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior and are also connected to theory of mind development.            

1.  sustained attention
2. operational thought
3. intuitive reasoning
4. executive function

15.    Scientists have discovered that there _____ the brains of children in the 3- to 15-year age range.        

1. are dramatic changes in local patterns within
2. are hardly any internal metamorphisms within
3. are insignificant anatomical changes in
4. are phenomenal increases in the overall size of

16.   Katrina, a 6-year-old, becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game and yells, “You can’t do that! You can’t change rules!” Which of the following types of moral reasoning is Katrina exhibiting?       

1.  autonomous morality
2.  peer-negotiated morality
3. heteronomous morality
4. immanent justice morality

17.   When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting          

1.  lack of perspective taking.
2. correspondence.
3. empathy.
4. guilt.

18.  In the context of Jean Piaget’s theory of moral development, which of the following is a characteristic of children showing heteronomous morality?    

1. They are aware that rules and laws are created by people.
2. They think of justice as an unchangeable property of the world.
3. They believe intentions are more important than consequences when judging behavior.
4. They are nonbelievers of the concept of immanent justice.

19.  In the context of early childhood education, developmentally appropriate practice emphasizes    

1. the importance of creating settings that encourage active learning and reflect children’s interests and capabilities.
2. the importance of giving children considerable freedom in choosing activities and allowing them to move from one activity to another as they desire.
3. the content of learning rather than the process of learning.
4. the education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development.

20.  According to Harris, Golinkoff, and Hirsh-Pasek (2011), which of the following is a key principle in young children’s vocabulary development?            

1. Children learn new words more effectively when new words are encountered as isolated facts rather than in integrated contexts.
2. Children learn words best when grammar and vocabulary are given less emphasis.
3. Children learn the words they hear most often when interacting with their parents, teachers, siblings, and peers.
4. Children learn words more effectively when they are passive, rather than active, learners.

21.  Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by reductions in            

1.  nutrition.
2. education.
3. poverty.
4. sanitation.

22.  Brianna is extremely upset because she got scolded by her teacher. Her mother decides to facilitate an open discussion about what happened and why Brianna is upset to help her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Her mother’s approach of talking to Brianna about her emotions indicates that Brianna’s mother is a(n) _____.

1.  emotion-coaching parent
2. authoritarian parent
3. emotion-dismissing parent
4. indulgent parent

23.   Lucy frequently spanks her children, enforces rigid household rules, and exhibits rage toward them when those rules are broken. Her children are unhappy and have weak communication skills. Lucy also pressurizes them to eat when they are already full. In the context of Diana Baumrind’s parenting styles, Lucy is most likely a(n)         

1.  indulgent parent. 
2. authoritative parent.
3. authoritarian parent.
4. neglectful parent.

24.   Tools of the Mind is a program that is grounded in _____ theory of cognitive development.      

1.  Vygotsky’s 
2. Piaget’s
3. Sternberg’s
4. Erikson’s

25.   Diego is 3 years old. His mother pours him and his elder sister orange juice. Because his mother does not have two glasses of the same size, she pours his sister the juice in a taller glass than his. Though both glasses have the same amount of juice, Diego starts to cry because he think his sister has more juice. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates the concept of        

1. centration.
2. egocentrism.
3. imitation.
4. animism.

26.  Logan is a warm and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his kids. As Logan encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, Baumrind would classify him as a(n)            

1.  neglectful parent.
2. authoritative parent.
3. indulgent parent.
4. authoritarian parent.

27.   Executive function involves _____.            

1. learning difficult tasks with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children
2. focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
3. managing one’s thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control
4. building memories of significant events and experiences in one’s life

28.  Sandra is informed by a pediatrician that her four-year-old son, Manuel, has gained six pounds over the last one year. Sandra should            

1. be concerned because Manuel has gained less weight.
2. be alarmed because Manuel has gained a lot of weight.
3. be content that this is normal for Manuel’s age.
4. be positive and change Manuel’s diet.

29.  Which of the following statements is true of Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development?       

1. In this stage, a child can perform operations independently without adult supervision.
2. This stage involves the ability to use deductive reasoning.
3. This stage lasts from approximately 3 months to 2 years of age.
4. In this stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings.

30.  According to Erik Erikson, the great governor of initiative is            

1. fear.
2. independence.
3. obedience.
4. conscience.