This is part of the so-called scientific racism where intelligence scores were used to establish the superiority not only of Europeans over African-Americans but of certain European groups. Originally, intelligence testing was developed by Alfred Binet as a means to identify students in need of specialized attention. It was only when the test was brought to the US that it acted as a tool to affirm the hierarchy among the races. H.H. Goddard used intelligence testing to claim that immigrants have low intelligence while in 1969, Arthur Jenses used intelligence test to conclude that differences in intelligence are due to genetics rather than the environment.